S.E. Shnyukov. A PROJECT OF THE GLOBAL GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF SUBGLACIAL ANTARCTICA

S.E. Shnyukov 
Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University
A PROJECT OF THE GLOBAL GEOLOGICAL STUDY OF SUBGLACIAL ANTARCTICA 
Standard procedures are inapplicable to geological study of subglacial terranes of Antarctica. Region scale results may be obtained by means of singlegrain trace element geochemical study of zircon and monazite large detrital populations produced from regionscale heavy mineral sampling of glacial sed iments that reflect provenance. Pilot test study was concentrated on zircon (N=2684) and monazite (N=937) detrital populations that represent two test source regions: (1) «young» Antarctic Peninsula in Western Antarctica (AP) and (2) «old» Ukrainian Shield with neighbouring part of EastEuropean Platform (EEP). Last one typifies terranes of Eastern Antarctica. Trace element content in each grain of both minerals was determined by means of special («singlegrain») version of milliprobe XRF (XRF MP/SG). «Total lead» method was used for their age dating. Zircon's parent rocks identification was based on earlier suggested Hf Y discriminant diagram. Obtained zircon's data set may be regarded as a representative contribution to presentday information about the crustal evolution within the both AP and EEP regions. These data were resulted in regionalscale models of progressive growth of the Earth's crust. Models of the last type are closely connected with the generalized geochemical models of the magmatic systems which were demonstrated on examples of Korosten pluton (Ukrainian Shield) and Deception Island volcano (Western Antarctica). Designed final validity test procedure allows to verify final results of both models. This approach was proposed as a basis for IPY 2007/2008 project «Circum Antarctic Zircon Census» (CAZIC) as well as for further geological exploration of subglacial terranes of Antarctica. But it may be realized not only for Antarctic regions but for other source ones too as an effective tool for global Earth's crust monitoring.
Ris. 1. Apriornaya ocenka mineral'nosyr'evogo potenciala Antarktidy (a, b) i odin iz pri merov ee sovremennogo priblizheniya k real'nosti (v, g): a — poziciya Antarktidy v global'noj riftovoj sisteme Zemli (http://planetolog.ru/mapoceanzoom.php?ocean=AR&id=1); b — stan dartnye «gondvanskie» mineragenicheskie postroeniya [9, 38] (1 — med'; 2 — svinec/cink; 3 — nikel'; 4 — platina; 5 — zoloto; 6 — serebro; 7 — almazy; 8 — neft'/gaz; 9 — uran ); v — glav nye iz uzhe obnaruzhennyh proyavlenij tverdyh poleznyh iskopaemyh [9] (1 — kamennyj ugol'; 2 — almazy; 3 — zhelezo; 4 — radioaktivnye ehlementy; 5 — zoloto; 6 — platinoidy; 7 — komp leks: med', polimetally, molibden, olovo, zoloto i serebro; 8 — berill v pegmatitah; 9 — pro yavleniya, obnaruzhennye i/ili izuchennye rossijskimi geologami [9]; 10 — malodostupnye gor nye rajony); g — potencial'nye neftegazonosnye bassejny Antarktiki (1 — shkala moshchnos ti osadochnogo chekhla; 2 — izobata 1000 m; 3 — gornye rajony s nadlednymi vyhodami korennyh porod; 4 — komplementarnyj geologo-geofizicheskij razrez — sm. rabotu [9]) 
Ris. 2. Obobshchenie sushchestvuyushchej informacii po ehtapam razvitiya Antarktidy v dokemb rii: a — tektonicheskoe rajonirovanie Antarktidy na osnove dannyh po obnazhennym uchastkam [11]: (1 — arhejskie protokratony, 2 — proterozojskij policiklicheskij pod vizhnyj poyas, 3 — fanerozojskij podvizhnyj poyas Zapadnoj Antarktidy i Transantarkti cheskih gor, 4 — territorii, perekrytye sploshnym lednikovym pokrovom); ciframi na skheme oboznacheny: 1 — zaliv LyutcovHol'm, 2 — Zemlya MakRobertsona, 3 — shel'fovyj lednik EHjmeri, 4 — zaliv Pryuds, 5 — oazis Larsemann, 6 — ostrova Reuter, 7 — Zemlya princessy Elizavety, 8 — ustup Mousona, 9 — g. Meridit; cifry v krugah oboznachayut: 1 — kraton Gryunekhogna, 2 — oblast' Mod, 3 — Nejpirskaya oblast', 4 — Rejnerskaya oblast', 5 — Biverskaya oblast', 6 — Fisherskaya oblast', 7 — Lambertskaya oblast', 8 — Rukerskaya ob last'); b — gistogramma model'nyh vozrastov TDM [13] (1 — arhejskie protokratony, 2 — oblasti paleoproterozojskogo tektogeneza, 3 — oblasti mezoproterozojskogo tektogeneza, 4 — Rosskaya skladchataya sistema Transantarkticheskih gor, vklyuchaya hrebet Miller) (sm. okonchanie na s. 16) 
Ris. 3. Obobshchenie sushchestvuyushchej informacii po ehtapam razvitiya Antarktidy v dokemb rii: v — rajonirovanie zemnoj kory Vostochnoj Antarktidy po vremeni otdeleniya pervich nogo veshchestva kory ot mantii (TDM) [13]: 1—4 — intervaly model'nogo Sm—Nd vozrasta TDM, mlrd. let (1 — >3,2; 2 — 3,2—2,5; 3 — 2,5—1,6; 4 — 1,6—1,0); vertikal'naya shtrihovka sootvetstvuet rajonam s TDM iz raznyh diapazonov 
Ris. 4. Drenazh podlednikovyh geologicheskih obrazovanij Antarktidy lednikovymi siste mami: a — vid poverhnosti Antarktidy iz kosmosa (kollazh snimkov NASA); b — otnosi tel'naya skorost' dvizheniya lednikov iz central'nyh oblastej materika k poberezh'yu (dan nye NASA, original'naya cvetnaya animaciya: http://1.usa.gov/poJq1P), cvetovaya shkala: be lyj — seryj — temno seryj (v original'nom variante zheltyj — zelenyj — sinij — pur purnyj) sootvetstvuet vozrastaniyu skorosti dvizheniya ot fakticheski nulya do neskol'kih m/god; v — glavnye ledosbornye bassejny Antarktidy i napravlenie dvizheniya l'da v ih predelah; g — tipichnyj vyvodnoj lednik kak forma razgruzki ledosbornogo bassejna i produktov ehkzaracii podstilayushchih (podlednikovyh) geologicheskih obrazovanij, foto BAS (British Antarctic Survey) dopuskaet detalizaciyu za schet perekhoda k ledosbornym bassejnam bolee vysokih poryadkov. Ochevidno, chto sleduyushchaya zadacha sostoit v maksimal'no polnoj ras shifrovke informacii o podlednikovyh obrazovaniyah, kotoruyu nesut v sebe ta kie «srednie proby» (lednikovye otlozheniya). 
Ris. 5. Obshchaya skhema realizacii kompleksnogo petrologogeohimicheskogo modelirovaniya ehvolyucii zemnoj kory i magmaticheskih sistem s ocenkoj ih rudogeneriruyushchego potenci ala dlya podlednikovyh regionov Antarktidy 
Ris. 6. Primer [25, 26 i dr.] predstavitel'nosti terrigennogo stoka rek otnositel'no dre niruemyh uchastkov kontinenta, demonstriruyushchij pravomernost' ispol'zovaniya bol'shih populyacij zeren terrigennogo cirkona dlya ob"ektivnogo vydeleniya osnovnyh ehtapov for mirovaniya krupnyh blokov zemnoj kory, korrektnoj kolichestvennoj ocenki intensivnosti ih proyavleniya, petrologicheskogo soderzhaniya i metallogenicheskoj (mineragenicheskoj) nagruzki: a — korrelyaciya instrumental'no opredelennyh soderzhanij Zr i terrigennogo komponenta (terr) v terrigennokarbonatnyh osadkah CHernogo morya, kotoraya ispol'zovana dlya ocenki koncentracii Zr v terr putem ehstrapolyacii sootvetstvuyushchej linejnoj zavisi mosti k terr = 100 % (VKZK — verhnyaya kontinental'naya zemnaya kora, OKP — osadochnye kar bonatnye porody); b — sopostavlenie ocenok, poluchennyh dlya Zr i drugih ehlementov (spo sob ocenki analogichen), s klarkami VKZK. Kak vidno iz ris. 6, b, vse ocenki blizki k klar kam, odnako Zr demonstriruet maksimal'nuyu sopostavimost', chto ob"yasnyaetsya ego ehkzogen noj migraciej pochti isklyuchitel'no v sobstvennoj chrezvychajno ustojchivoj i rasprostra nennoj mineral'noj forme (cirkon). 
K sozhaleniyu, izza logisticheskih, organizacionnyh i finansovyh trud nostej Proekt byl realizovan daleko ne v polnoj mere. Poluchennye dannye mozhno rassmatrivat' lish' kak rezul'taty opytnoj (predvaritel'noj) aproba cii. V nej [16, 17, 28, 41, 44] ispol'zovany dannye po detritovym populyaciyam cirkona i monacita, kotorye harakterizuyut dva testovyh regiona, slozhennyh kontrastnymi po vozrastu i sostavu obrazovaniyami: (1) «molodoj» Antarktiches kij poluostrov, Zapadnaya Antarktida (AP) i (2) «drevnij» Ukrainskij shchit s sopredel'noj chast'yu VostochnoEvropejskoj platformy (EEP). Poslednij imi tiroval dokembrijskij shchit Vostochnoj Antarktidy. Koncentracii mikroehle mentov v edinichnyh zernah mineralov opredeleny special'nym variantom rentgenfluorescentnogo metoda — milliprobe XRF (XRF MP/SG) [2, 20 i dr.]. Ocenki vozrasta zeren polucheny metodom «obshchego svinca». Sostav materinskih dlya cirkona porod opredelen pri pomoshchi ranee predlozhennoj diskriminant noj diagrammy Hf — Y. Poluchennye rezul'taty dopolnyayut sovremennye dannye o korovoj ehvolyucii v predelah testovyh regionov. Oni transformirovany v regional'nye modeli rosta kontinental'noj kory. Poslednie kompleksiru yutsya s geohimicheskimi modelyami magmaticheskih sistem ehtapov aktivizacii kory sootvetstvuyushchih regionov, kotorye prodemonstrirovany na primere Korostenskogo plutona (EEP) i vulkana ostrova Desepshen (AP). Razrabotany 
Ris. 7. Primer restavracii ehtapov razvitiya regionov s ocenkoj ih petrologicheskogo soderzhaniya i postroeniem regional'nyh modelej rosta massy kontinental'noj zemnoj kory v hode ee ehvolyucii. Iskhodnye dannye — rezul'taty geohimicheskogoissledovaniya bol'shih po ob"emu vyborok detritovyh zeren cirkona i monacita iz lednikovyh i allyuvial'nih otlozhenij,istochnikami postuplennya kotoryh sluzhili VostochnoEvropejskaya platforma (EEP) i Antarkticheskij poluostrov (AP), Zapadnaya Antarktida [1, 3, 5, 16, 17, 21, 2325, 31, 32, 41—44] 
Ris. 8. Primer ispol'zovaniya dannyh po geohimii detritovyh populyacij cirkona dlya re gistracii vazhnejshih mineragenicheskih sobytij (formirovanie mestorozhdenij almaza, apatita i redkih metallov) [3, 5, 16—18, 21—24, 26,31—33, 4—44] 
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